Feudal Society: Volume 1

Marc Bloch's definitive study of the social structures of the Middle Ages, moving beyond legal dates to explore the 'mental climate' and ties of dependence that defined a continent.

Feudal Society: Volume 2

Marc Bloch's definitive study of the social structures of the Middle Ages, moving beyond legal dates to explore the 'mental climate' and ties of dependence that defined a continent.

Title page of Vol. 8 of 1872's fourth edition, where Chapter LXVII is located.

History of Greece

Chapter LXVII of George Grote's monumental History of Greece — examining the flowering of Athenian drama alongside the rise of rhetoric, dialectics, and the Sophist movement.

Lithograph portrait of Jakob Burckhardt, Antistes of Basel, published by H. Fischer & Co., Basel, c. 1854.

History of Greek Culture

Jacob Burckhardt's magisterial survey of ancient Greek civilization, examining its art, religion, politics, and poetry as expressions of a unified cultural spirit that set the foundations of Western thought.

Title page of the first edition of Römische Geschichte, Band 1, published by Weidmann, Leipzig, 1854.

History of Rome: Volume 1

A survey of the Rise of the Roman Republic, focusing on the internal political struggles and the monumental shift from oligarchy to the rise of the Caesars.

Photographic portrait of Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges.

The Ancient City: A Study on the Religion, Laws and Institutions of Greece and Rome

Fustel de Coulanges's landmark study tracing the origins of Greek and Roman civic life to their religious foundations, arguing that the ancient city was shaped above all by sacred rites, ancestor worship, and the domestic hearth.

Title page of Vol. 3 of the 1781 edition, containing the General Observations.

General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West

Edward Gibbon’s celebrated postscript to Chapter XXXVIII where he synthesizes the primary causes of Rome’s decay and reflects on the future of European civilization.

A Byzantine illuminated manuscript page depicting Christ before Pilate, from the Rossano Gospels, 6th century.

The Conduct of the Roman Government towards the Christians from the reign of Nero to that of Constantine

Chapter XVI of Edward Gibbon’s The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire examines the conduct of the Roman government toward the Christians from the reign of Nero to that of Constantine.

A fresco of the Good Shepherd from the Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, 3rd century CE.

The Progress of the Christian Religion, and the Sentiments, Manners, Numbers, and Condition of the Primitive Christians

Chapter XV of Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire examines the progress of the Christian religion and the sentiments, manners, numbers, and condition of the primitive Christians.

Gold Solidus of Theodosius II (425–429 AD).

History of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. 1

The first volume of J.B. Bury's authoritative history of the Later Roman Empire, covering the reigns from the death of Theodosius I through the accession of Anastasius — an age of barbarian pressure, dynastic crisis, and the definitive parting of East and West.

Emperor Justinian I and his retinue. Detail of the apse mosaic, Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c. 547 AD.

History of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. 2

The second volume of J.B. Bury's authoritative history of the Eastern Empire, covering the reigns of Anastasius, Justin I, and Justinian — including the great reconquests of Africa and Italy under Belisarius and Narses.

Author Schaffers, Nestor, 1826-1896 (viaf)302528355 Title [photograph] Portrait of Henri Pirenne (1862-1935), historian, professor at the Faculty of Arts and Philosophy and rector of Ghent University during the academic years 1919-1920 and 1920-1921. Description 1 photo ; 9.1 x 5.6cm (10.4 x 6.2cm). Publisher Gand : Nestor Schaffers, ca. 1890.

Mohammed and Charlemagne

Pirenne's landmark posthumous argument that the Islamic conquest of the Mediterranean, not the Germanic migrations of the fifth century, ended the ancient world and inaugurated the Middle Ages.

Sassanid Cup (Cup of Solomon), Iran, 6th century CE, rock crystal cameo, gold, garnet, and green glass, H. 5 cm, D. 28.2 cm, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiques, Cameo.379. The central medallion, engraved in cameo on the reverse of a disc of exceptional rock crystal, depicts a Sassanid king enthroned on a banquet bed whose feet are formed by protomes of winged horses. Dressed in embroidered court costume and wearing a pendant necklace and pear earrings, the king bears a crenellated crown adorned with a crescent moon on the forehead and surmounted by a second crescent enclosing the korymbos — the solar globe of Sassanid royal iconography. The smooth, uncurled beard is specific to Kavadh I (r. 488–531), who is the most plausible candidate for the cup's patron. Kavadh I's successor after his second reign was Khosrow I, whose wars againts Emperor Justinian are documented by al-Ṭabarī. The six cushions of the banquet bed, with the bed itself forming the seventh, symbolise the seven kešvars or climates over which the Sassanid king reigned as master of the world. The medallion is set within a heavy gold mesh enclosing three concentric rows of rock crystal roundels and Rajasthani almandine garnets alternating with deep green glass lozenges, all carved in relief with florets on their reverse. A Pahlavi inscription engraved on the interior of the foot records the gold weight of the mount at manufacture: 107 staters (approximately 1.73 kg), attesting to production in a royal workshop. Seized from the treasury of the abbey of Saint-Denis by Revolutionary commissioners on 30 September 1791, the cup had been in the abbey's possession since at least 877 CE, when Charles the Bald gave it to Saint-Denis as the Hanap of Solomon — an attribution that, through the medieval Islamic identification of Chosroes I with Solomon, preserves a distant memory of the cup's Sassanid origin.

Ta'rīkh al-Rusul wa-al-Mulūk, Vol. V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen

Reading companion for Vol. V of The History of al-Ṭabarī — covering the Sāsānid empire, Byzantium, the Lakhmid client kingdom, and pre-Islamic Yemen — in the annotated translation by Clifford Edmund Bosworth (SUNY Press, 1999).

Jan van Eyck, The Ghent Altarpiece (detail), 1432. Cathedral of Saint Bavo, Ghent, Belgium.

The Waning of the Middle Ages

Johan Huizinga's masterwork on the cultural life of France and the Low Countries in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries — a portrait of medieval civilization not in its rise but in its richest, most elaborate, and most melancholy flowering.